Friday 21 October 2011

Belajar Bahasa Inggris Lengkap


Verb Forms

Tenses

Phrasal Verbs

Conditionals

Modal Verbs

 Gerunds (-ing)

Questions

Tag Questions

Subjunctive

Active Voice, Passive Voice

Infinitive or -ing?

Plural Verbs with Singular Subjects

Verb Meanings with Continuous Tenses

Used to do / Be used to

Going to

Future Time

For & Since for Time

 http://www.englishclub.com/

 

 by : Julkhaidarromadhon.blogspot.com

V E R B S

What Are Verbs?
  • Verb Classification | Quiz
    helping verbs: primary/modal
    main verbs: transitive/intransitive, linking, dynamic/stative, regular/irregular
Verb Forms | Quiz
to sing, sing, sings, sang, sung, singing
Tenses
I sing, I am singing, I have sung, I have been singing, I sang, I was singing
Phrasal Verbs | Quiz
put out, look after, get on with
Conditionals | Quiz
if I win, if I won, if I had won
Modal Verbs
can, shall, must...
Gerunds (-ing) | Quiz
fishing is fun, I hate working
Questions | Quiz
Do you like me?, Why do you like me?, Do you like me or him?
Tag Questions | Quiz
You like me, don't you?
Subjunctive | Quiz
She insists that he come
Active Voice, Passive Voice | Quiz
Cats eat mice, Mice are eaten by cats
Infinitive or -ing? | Quiz
I like to do, I like doing
Plural Verbs with Singular Subjects
the company do, the company does
Verb Meanings with Continuous Tenses | Quiz
Am I being silly?
Used to do / Be used to | Quiz
I used to do it, I am not used to it
Going to
I am going to do it
Future Time | Quiz
I will do it, I am going to do it, I am doing it, I do it
For & Since for Time | Quiz
for two days, since 1st April

Verb Classification

We divide verbs into two broad classifications:

1. Helping Verbs

Imagine that a stranger walks into your room and says:
  • I can.
  • People must.
  • The Earth will.
Do you understand anything? Has this person communicated anything to you? Probably not! That's because these verbs are helping verbs and have no meaning on their own. They are necessary for the grammatical structure of the sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone. We usually use helping verbs with main verbs. They "help" the main verb. (The sentences in the above examples are therefore incomplete. They need at least a main verb to complete them.) There are only about 15 helping verbs.

2. Main Verbs

Now imagine that the same stranger walks into your room and says:
  • I teach.
  • People eat.
  • The Earth rotates.
Do you understand something? Has this person communicated something to you? Probably yes! Not a lot, but something. That's because these verbs are main verbs and have meaning on their own. They tell us something. Of course, there are thousands of main verbs.
In the following table we see example sentences with helping verbs and main verbs. Notice that all of these sentences have a main verb. Only some of them have a helping verb.

helping verb

main verb

John


likes
coffee.
You


lied
to me.
They


are
happy.
The children
are

playing.

We
must

go
now.
I
do
not
want
any.
Helping verbs and main verbs can be further sub-divided, as we shall see on the following pages.

Helping Verbs

Helping verbs are also called "auxiliary verbs".
Helping verbs have no meaning on their own. They are necessary for the grammatical structure of a sentence, but they do not tell us very much alone. We usually use helping verbs with main verbs. They "help" the main verb (which has the real meaning). There are only about 15 helping verbs in English, and we divide them into two basic groups:

Primary helping verbs (3 verbs)

These are the verbs be, do, and have. Note that we can use these three verbs as helping verbs or as main verbs. On this page we talk about them as helping verbs. We use them in the following cases:
  • be
    • to make continuous tenses (He is watching TV.)
    • to make the passive (Small fish are eaten by big fish.)

  • have
    • to make perfect tenses (I have finished my homework.)

  • do
    • to make negatives (I do not like you.)
    • to ask questions (Do you want some coffee?)
    • to show emphasis (I do want you to pass your exam.)
    • to stand for a main verb in some constructions (He speaks faster than she does.)

Modal helping verbs (10 verbs)

We use modal helping verbs to "modify" the meaning of the main verb in some way. A modal helping verb expresses necessity or possibility, and changes the main verb in that sense. These are the modal verbs:
  • can, could
  • may, might
  • will, would,
  • shall, should
  • must
  • ought to
Here are examples using modal verbs:
  • I can't speak Chinese.
  • John may arrive late.
  • Would you like a cup of coffee?
  • You should see a doctor.
  • I really must go now.

Main verbs have meaning on their own (unlike helping verbs). There are thousands of main verbs, and we can classify them in several ways:

Transitive and intransitive verbs

A transitive verb takes a direct object: Somebody killed the President. An intransitive verb does not have a direct object: He died. Many verbs, like speak, can be transitive or intransitive. Look at these examples:
transitive:
  • I saw an elephant.
  • We are watching TV.
  • He speaks English.
intransitive:
  • He has arrived.
  • John goes to school.
  • She speaks fast.

Linking verbs

A linking verb does not have much meaning in itself. It "links" the subject to what is said about the subject. Usually, a linking verb shows equality (=) or a change to a different state or place (>). Linking verbs are always intransitive (but not all intransitive verbs are linking verbs).
  • Mary is a teacher. (mary = teacher)
  • Tara is beautiful. (tara = beautiful)
  • That sounds interesting. (that = interesting)
  • The sky became dark. (the sky > dark)
  • The bread has gone bad. (bread > bad)

Dynamic and stative verbs

Some verbs describe action. They are called "dynamic", and can be used with continuous tenses. Other verbs describe state (non-action, a situation). They are called "stative", and cannot normally be used with continuous tenses (though some of them can be used with continuous tenses with a change in meaning).
dynamic verbs (examples):
  • hit, explode, fight, run, go
stative verbs (examples):
  • be
  • like, love, prefer, wish
  • impress, please, surprise
  • hear, see, sound
  • belong to, consist of, contain, include, need
  • appear, resemble, seem

Regular and irregular verbs

This is more a question of vocabulary than of grammar. The only real difference between regular and irregular verbs is that they have different endings for their past tense and past participle forms. For regular verbs, the past tense ending and past participle ending is always the same: -ed. For irregular verbs, the past tense ending and the past participle ending is variable, so it is necessary to learn them by heart.
regular verbs: base, past tense, past participle
  • look, looked, looked
  • work, worked, worked
irregular verbs: base, past tense, past participle
  • buy, bought, bought
  • cut, cut, cut
  • do, did, done

Regular Verbs

English regular verbs change their form very little (unlike irregular verbs). The past tense and past participle of regular verbs end in -ed, for example:
work, worked, worked
But you should note the following points:
1. Some verbs can be both regular and irregular, for example:
learn, learned, learned
learn, learnt, learnt
2. Some verbs change their meaning depending on whether they are regular or irregular, for example "to hang":
regular
hang, hanged, hanged
to kill or die, by dropping with a rope around the neck
irregular
hang, hung, hung
to fix something (for example, a picture) at the top so that the lower part is free
3. The present tense of some regular verbs is the same as the past tense of some irregular verbs:
regular
found, founded, founded
irregular
find, found, found

Irregular Verbs

Irregular verbs are an important feature of English. We use irregular verbs a lot when speaking, less when writing. Of course, the most famous English verb of all, the verb "to be", is irregular.
What is the difference between regular verbs and irregular verbs?

Base Form
Past Simple
Past Participle
With regular verbs, the rule is simple...
The past simple and past participle always end in -ed:
finish
finished
finished
stop
stopped
stopped
work
worked
worked
But with irregular verbs, there is no rule...
Sometimes the verb changes completely:
sing
sang
sung
Sometimes there is "half" a change:
buy
bought
bought
Sometimes there is no change:
cut
cut
cut
One good way to learn irregular verbs is to try sorting them into groups, as above.


Irregular Verbs List

Irregular Verbs List

This is a list of some irregular verbs in English. Of course, there are many others, but these are the more common irregular verbs.
V1
Base Form
V2
Past Simple
V3
Past Participle
awake
awoke
awoken
be
was, were
been
beat
beat
beaten
become
became
become
begin
began
begun
bend
bent
bent
bet
bet
bet
bid
bid
bid
bite
bit
bitten
blow
blew
blown
break
broke
broken
bring
brought
brought
broadcast
broadcast
broadcast
build
built
built
burn
burned/burnt
burned/burnt
buy
bought
bought
catch
caught
caught
choose
chose
chosen
come
came
come
cost
cost
cost
cut
cut
cut
dig
dug
dug
do
did
done
draw
drew
drawn
dream
dreamed/dreamt
dreamed/dreamt
drive
drove
driven
drink
drank
drunk
eat
ate
eaten
fall
fell
fallen
feel
felt
felt
fight
fought
fought
find
found
found
fly
flew
flown
forget
forgot
forgotten
forgive
forgave
forgiven
freeze
froze
frozen
get
got
gotten
give
gave
given
go
went
gone
grow
grew
grown
hang
hung
hung
have
had
had
hear
heard
heard
hide
hid
hidden
hit
hit
hit
hold
held
held
hurt
hurt
hurt
keep
kept
kept
know
knew
known
lay
laid
laid
lead
led
led
learn
learned/learnt
learned/learnt
leave
left
left
lend
lent
lent
let
let
let
lie
lay
lain
lose
lost
lost
make
made
made
mean
meant
meant
meet
met
met
pay
paid
paid
put
put
put
read
read
read
ride
rode
ridden
ring
rang
rung
rise
rose
risen
run
ran
run
say
said
said
see
saw
seen
sell
sold
sold
send
sent
sent
show
showed
showed/shown
shut
shut
shut
sing
sang
sung
sit
sat
sat
sleep
slept
slept
speak
spoke
spoken
spend
spent
spent
stand
stood
stood
swim
swam
swum
take
took
taken
teach
taught
taught
tear
tore
torn
tell
told
told
think
thought
thought
throw
threw
thrown
understand
understood
understood
wake
woke
woken
wear
wore
worn
win
won
won
write
wrote
written



Regular Verbs List

There are thousands of regular verbs in English. This is a list of 600 of the more common regular verbs. Note that there are some spelling variations in American English (for example, "practise" becomes "practice" in American English).
  • accept
  • add
  • admire
  • admit
  • advise
  • afford
  • agree
  • alert
  • allow
  • amuse
  • analyse
  • announce
  • annoy
  • answer
  • apologise
  • appear
  • applaud
  • appreciate
  • approve
  • argue
  • arrange
  • arrest
  • arrive
  • ask
  • attach
  • attack
  • attempt
  • attend
  • attract
  • avoid

  • back
  • bake
  • balance
  • ban
  • bang
  • bare
  • bat
  • bathe
  • battle
  • beam
  • beg
  • behave
  • belong
  • bleach
  • bless
  • blind
  • blink
  • blot
  • blush
  • boast
  • boil
  • bolt
  • bomb
  • book
  • bore
  • borrow
  • bounce
  • bow
  • box
  • brake
  • branch
  • breathe
  • bruise
  • brush
  • bubble
  • bump
  • burn
  • bury
  • buzz

  • calculate
  • call
  • camp
  • care
  • carry
  • carve
  • cause
  • challenge
  • change
  • charge
  • chase
  • cheat
  • check
  • cheer
  • chew
  • choke
  • chop
  • claim
  • clap
  • clean
  • clear
  • clip
  • close
  • coach
  • coil
  • collect
  • colour
  • comb
  • command
  • communicate
  • compare
  • compete
  • complain
  • complete
  • concentrate
  • concern
  • confess
  • confuse
  • connect
  • consider
  • consist
  • contain
  • continue
  • copy
  • correct
  • cough
  • count
  • cover
  • crack
  • crash
  • crawl
  • cross
  • crush
  • cry
  • cure
  • curl
  • curve
  • cycle

  • dam
  • damage
  • dance
  • dare
  • decay
  • deceive
  • decide
  • decorate
  • delay
  • delight
  • deliver
  • depend
  • describe
  • desert
  • deserve
  • destroy
  • detect
  • develop
  • disagree
  • disappear
  • disapprove
  • disarm
  • discover
  • dislike
  • divide
  • double
  • doubt
  • drag
  • drain
  • dream
  • dress
  • drip
  • drop
  • drown
  • drum
  • dry
  • dust

  • earn
  • educate
  • embarrass
  • employ
  • empty
  • encourage
  • end
  • enjoy
  • enter
  • entertain
  • escape
  • examine
  • excite
  • excuse
  • exercise
  • exist
  • expand
  • expect
  • explain
  • explode
  • extend

  • face
  • fade
  • fail
  • fancy
  • fasten
  • fax
  • fear
  • fence
  • fetch
  • file
  • fill
  • film
  • fire
  • fit
  • fix
  • flap
  • flash
  • float
  • flood
  • flow
  • flower
  • fold
  • follow
  • fool
  • force
  • form
  • found
  • frame
  • frighten
  • fry

  • gather
  • gaze
  • glow
  • glue
  • grab
  • grate
  • grease
  • greet
  • grin
  • grip
  • groan
  • guarantee
  • guard
  • guess
  • guide

  • hammer
  • hand
  • handle
  • hang
  • happen
  • harass
  • harm
  • hate
  • haunt
  • head
  • heal
  • heap
  • heat
  • help
  • hook
  • hop
  • hope
  • hover
  • hug
  • hum
  • hunt
  • hurry

  • identify
  • ignore
  • imagine
  • impress
  • improve
  • include
  • increase
  • influence
  • inform
  • inject
  • injure
  • instruct
  • intend
  • interest
  • interfere
  • interrupt
  • introduce
  • invent
  • invite
  • irritate
  • itch

  • jail
  • jam
  • jog
  • join
  • joke
  • judge
  • juggle
  • jump

  • kick
  • kill
  • kiss
  • kneel
  • knit
  • knock
  • knot

  • label
  • land
  • last
  • laugh
  • launch
  • learn
  • level
  • license
  • lick
  • lie
  • lighten
  • like
  • list
  • listen
  • live
  • load
  • lock
  • long
  • look
  • love

  • man
  • manage
  • march
  • mark
  • marry
  • match
  • mate
  • matter
  • measure
  • meddle
  • melt
  • memorise
  • mend
  • mess up
  • milk
  • mine
  • miss
  • mix
  • moan
  • moor
  • mourn
  • move
  • muddle
  • mug
  • multiply
  • murder

  • nail
  • name
  • need
  • nest
  • nod
  • note
  • notice
  • number

  • obey
  • object
  • observe
  • obtain
  • occur
  • offend
  • offer
  • open
  • order
  • overflow
  • owe
  • own

  • pack
  • paddle
  • paint
  • park
  • part
  • pass
  • paste
  • pat
  • pause
  • peck
  • pedal
  • peel
  • peep
  • perform
  • permit
  • phone
  • pick
  • pinch
  • pine
  • place
  • plan
  • plant
  • play
  • please
  • plug
  • point
  • poke
  • polish
  • pop
  • possess
  • post
  • pour
  • practise
  • pray
  • preach
  • precede
  • prefer
  • prepare
  • present
  • preserve
  • press
  • pretend
  • prevent
  • prick
  • print
  • produce
  • program
  • promise
  • protect
  • provide
  • pull
  • pump
  • punch
  • puncture
  • punish
  • push

  • question
  • queue



  • race
  • radiate
  • rain
  • raise
  • reach
  • realise
  • receive
  • recognise
  • record
  • reduce
  • reflect
  • refuse
  • regret
  • reign
  • reject
  • rejoice
  • relax
  • release
  • rely
  • remain
  • remember
  • remind
  • remove
  • repair
  • repeat
  • replace
  • reply
  • report
  • reproduce
  • request
  • rescue
  • retire
  • return
  • rhyme
  • rinse
  • risk
  • rob
  • rock
  • roll
  • rot
  • rub
  • ruin
  • rule
  • rush

  • sack
  • sail
  • satisfy
  • save
  • saw
  • scare
  • scatter
  • scold
  • scorch
  • scrape
  • scratch
  • scream
  • screw
  • scribble
  • scrub
  • seal
  • search
  • separate
  • serve
  • settle
  • shade
  • share
  • shave
  • shelter
  • shiver
  • shock
  • shop
  • shrug
  • sigh
  • sign
  • signal
  • sin
  • sip
  • ski
  • skip
  • slap
  • slip
  • slow
  • smash
  • smell
  • smile
  • smoke
  • snatch
  • sneeze
  • sniff
  • snore
  • snow
  • soak
  • soothe
  • sound
  • spare
  • spark
  • sparkle
  • spell
  • spill
  • spoil
  • spot
  • spray
  • sprout
  • squash
  • squeak
  • squeal
  • squeeze
  • stain
  • stamp
  • stare
  • start
  • stay
  • steer
  • step
  • stir
  • stitch
  • stop
  • store
  • strap
  • strengthen
  • stretch
  • strip
  • stroke
  • stuff
  • subtract
  • succeed
  • suck
  • suffer
  • suggest
  • suit
  • supply
  • support
  • suppose
  • surprise
  • surround
  • suspect
  • suspend
  • switch

  • talk
  • tame
  • tap
  • taste
  • tease
  • telephone
  • tempt
  • terrify
  • test
  • thank
  • thaw
  • tick
  • tickle
  • tie
  • time
  • tip
  • tire
  • touch
  • tour
  • tow
  • trace
  • trade
  • train
  • transport
  • trap
  • travel
  • treat
  • tremble
  • trick
  • trip
  • trot
  • trouble
  • trust
  • try
  • tug
  • tumble
  • turn
  • twist
  • type

  • undress
  • unfasten
  • unite
  • unlock
  • unpack
  • untidy
  • use

  • vanish
  • visit



  • wail
  • wait
  • walk
  • wander
  • want
  • warm
  • warn
  • wash
  • waste
  • watch
  • water
  • wave
  • weigh
  • welcome
  • whine
  • whip
  • whirl
  • whisper
  • whistle
  • wink
  • wipe
  • wish
  • wobble
  • wonder
  • work
  • worry
  • wrap
  • wreck
  • wrestle
  • wriggle

  • x-ray




  • yawn
  • yell



  • zip
  • zoom

Verb Forms

English verbs come in several forms. For example, the verb to sing can be: to sing, sing, sang, sung, singing or sings. This is a total of 6 forms. Not many, considering that some languages (French, for example) have more than 30 forms for an individual verb. English tenses may be quite complicated, but the forms that we use to make the tenses are actually very simple! With the exception of the verb to be, English main verbs have only 4, 5 or 6 forms. To be has 9 forms. Do not confuse verb forms with tenses. We use the different verb forms to make the tenses, but they are not the same thing.
In this lesson we look at the forms of main verbs and helping (auxiliary) verbs, followed by a quiz to check your understanding:

Forms of Main Verbs

Main verbs are also called "lexical verbs".
Main verbs (except the verb "be") have only 4, 5 or 6 forms. "Be" has 9 forms.


V1
V2
V3



infinitive
base
past simple
past participle
present participle
present simple, 3rd person singular
regular
(to) work
work
worked
worked
working
works
irregular
(to) sing
(to) make
(to) cut
sing
make
cut
sang
made
cut
sung
made
cut
singing
making
cutting
sings
makes
cuts
(to) do*
(to) have*
do
have
did
had
done
had
doing
having
does
has
infinitive
base
past simple
past participle
present participle
present simple
(to) be*
be
was, were
been
being
am, are, is
In the above examples:
  • to cut has 4 forms: to cut, cut, cutting, cuts
  • to work has 5 forms: to work, work, worked, working, works
  • to sing has 6 forms: to sing, sing, sang, sung, singing, sings
  • to be has 9 forms: to be, be, was, were, been, being, am, is, are
The infinitive can be with or without to. For example, to sing and sing are both infinitives. We often call the infinitive without to the "bare infinitive".
At school, students usually learn by heart the base, past simple and past participle (sometimes called V1, V2, V3, meaning Verb 1, Verb 2, Verb 3) for the irregular verbs. They may spend many hours chanting: sing, sang, sung; go, went, gone; have, had, had; etc. They do not learn these for the regular verbs because the past simple and past participle are always the same: they are formed by adding "-ed" to the base. They do not learn the present participle and 3rd person singular present simple by heart - for another very simple reason: they never change. The present participle is always made by adding "-ing" to the base, and the 3rd person singular present simple is always made by adding "s" to the base (though there are some variations in spelling).
* Note that "do", "have" and "be" also function as helping or auxiliary verbs, with exactly the same forms (except that as helping verbs they are never in infinitive form).

Example Sentences

These example sentences use main verbs in different forms.

Infinitive

  • I want to work
  • He has to sing.
  • This exercise is easy to do.
  • Let him have one.
  • To be, or not to be, that is the question:

Base - Imperative

  • Work well!
  • Make this.
  • Have a nice day.
  • Be quiet!

Base - Present simple
(except 3rd person singular)

  • I work in London.
  • You sing well.
  • They have a lot of money.

Base - After modal auxiliary verbs

  • I can work tomorrow.
  • You must sing louder.
  • They might do it.
  • You could be right.

Past simple

  • I worked yesterday.
  • She cut his hair last week.
  • They had a good time.
  • They were surprised, but I was not.

Past participle

  • I have worked here for five years.
  • He needs a folder made of plastic.
  • It is done like this.
  • I have never been so happy.

Present participle

  • I am working.
  • Singing well is not easy.
  • Having finished, he went home.
  • You are being silly!

3rd person singular, present simple

  • He works in London.
  • She sings well.
  • She has a lot of money.
  • It is Vietnamese.

Forms of Helping Verbs

All helping verbs are used with a main verb (either expressed or understood*). There are 2 groups of helping verbs:
  • Primary helping verbs, used mainly to change the tense or voice of the main verb, and in making questions and negatives.
  • Modal helping verbs, used to change the "mood" of the main verb.
Study the table below. It shows the prinicipal forms and uses of helping verbs, and explains the differences between primary and modal helping verbs.
* Sometimes we make a sentence that has a helping verb and seems to have no main verb. In fact, the main verb is "understood". Look at the following examples:
  • Question: Can you speak English? (The main verb speak is "expressed".)
  • Answer: Yes, I can. (The main verb speak is not expressed. It is "understood" from the context. We understand: Yes, I can speak English.
But if somebody walked into the room and said "Hello. I can", we would understand nothing!
Helping Verbs
Primary
Modal
do
(to make simple tenses, and questions and negatives)
can
could
be
(to make continuous tenses, and the passive voice)
may
might
have
(to make perfect tenses)
will
would

shall
should
must

ought (to)
"Do", "be" and "have" as helping verbs have exactly the same forms as when they are main verbs (except that as helping verbs they are never used in infinitive forms).
Modal helping verbs are invariable. They always have the same form.
Primary helping verbs are followed by the main verb in a particular form:
  • do + V1 (base verb)
  • be + -ing (present participle)
  • have + V3 (past participle)
"Ought" is followed by the main verb in infinitive form. Other modal helping verbs are followed by the main verb in its base form (V1).
  • ought + to... (infinitive)
  • other modals + V1 (base verb)
"Do", "be" and "have" can also function as main verbs.
Modal helping verbs cannot function as main verbs.


 

Tenses

The links below are to lessons for each of the 12 basic tenses. In each lesson we look at two aspects of the tense:
  • Structure: How do we make the tense?
  • Use: When and why do we use the tense?
Some lessons look at additional aspects, and most of them finish with a quiz to check your understanding.
Many English learners worry too much about tense. If you stopped 100 native English speakers in the street and asked them about tense, 1 of them might give you an intelligent answer - if you were lucky. The other 99 would know little about terms like "past perfect" or "present continuous". And they would know nothing about aspect, voice or mood. But they can all speak fluent English and communicate effectively. Of course, for ESL it helps to know about tenses, but don't become obsessed with them. Be like those native speakers! Speak naturally!
Present Tense
I do do, I do
Present Continuous Tense
I am doing, I am doing tomorrow
Present Perfect Tense
I have done
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
I have been doing
Past Tense
I did do, I did
Past Continuous Tense
I was doing
Past Perfect Tense
I had done
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
I had been doing
Future Tense
I will do
Future Continuous Tense
I will be doing
Future Perfect Tense
I will have done
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
I will have been doing

What is Tense?

tense (noun): a form of a verb used to indicate the time, and sometimes the continuation or completeness, of an action in relation to the time of speaking. (From Latin tempus = time).
Tense is a method that we use in English to refer to time - past, present and future. Many languages use tenses to talk about time. Other languages have no tenses, but of course they can still talk about time, using different methods.
So, we talk about time in English with tenses. But, and this is a very big but:
  • we can also talk about time without using tenses (for example, going to is a special construction to talk about the future, it is not a tense)
  • one tense does not always talk about one time (see Tense & Time for more about this)
Here are some of the terms used in discussing verbs and tenses.

Mood

indicative mood expresses a simple statement of fact, which can be positive (affirmative) or negative
  • I like coffee.
  • I do not like coffee.
interrogative mood expresses a question
  • Why do you like coffee?
imperative mood expresses a command
  • Sit down!
subjunctive mood expresses what is imagined or wished or possible
  • The President ordered that he attend the meeting.

Voice

Voice shows the relationship of the subject to the action. In the active voice, the subject does the action (cats eat mice). In the passive voice, the subject receives the action (mice are eaten by cats). Among other things, we can use voice to help us change the focus of attention.

Aspect

Aspect expresses a feature of the action related to time, such as completion or duration. Present simple and past simple tenses have no aspect, but if we wish we can stress with other tenses that:
  • the action or state referred to by the verb is completed (and often still relevant), for example:
    I have emailed the report to Jane. (so now she has the report)
    (This is called perfective aspect, using perfect tenses.)
  • the action or state referred to by the verb is in progress or continuing (that is, uncompleted), for example:
    We are eating.
    (This is called progressive aspect, using progressive [continuous] tenses.)

Tense and Time

It is important not to confuse the name of a verb tense with the way we use it to talk about time.
For example, a present tense does not always refer to present time:
  • I hope it rains tomorrow.
    "rains" is present simple, but it refers here to future time (tomorrow)
Or a past tense does not always refer to past time:
  • If I had some money now, I could buy it.
    "had" is past simple but it refers here to present time (now)
The following examples show how different tenses can be used to talk about different times.
TENSE
TIME
past
present
future
Present Simple

I want a coffee.
I leave tomorrow.
She
likes
coffee.
Present Continuous

I am having dinner.
I am taking my exam next month.
They
are
living
in
London.
Present Perfect Simple
I have seen ET.
I have finished.

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been playing tennis.


We have been working for four hours.

Past Simple
I finished one hour ago.
If she loved you now, she would marry you.
If you came tomorrow, you would see her.
Past Continuous
I was working at 2am this morning.


Past Perfect Simple
I had not eaten for 24 hours.


Past Perfect Continuous
We had been working for 3 hours.
If I had been working now, I would have missed you.
If I had been working tomorrow, I could not have agreed.
Future Simple

Hold on. I'll do it now.
I'll see you tomorrow.
Future Continuous


I will be working at 9pm tonight.
Future Perfect Simple


I will have finished by 9pm tonight.
We will have been married for ten years next month.
Future Perfect Continuous


They may be tired when you arrive because they will have been working.
In 30 minutes, we will have been working for four hours.

Basic Tenses

For past and present, there are 2 simple tenses + 6 complex tenses (using auxiliary verbs). To these, we can add 4 "modal tenses" for the future (using modal auxiliary verbs will/shall). This makes a total of 12 tenses in the active voice. Another 12 tenses are available in the passive voice. So now we have 24 tenses.
24 Tenses
past
present
future*
ACTIVE
simple tenses
past
present
future
complex tenses
formed with
auxiliary verbs
past perfect
present perfect
future perfect
past continuous
present continuous
future continuous
past perfect continuous
present perfect continuous
future perfect continuous
PASSIVE
past
present
future
past perfect
present perfect
future perfect
past continuous
present continuous
future continuous
past perfect continuous
present perfect continuous
future perfect continuous

Some grammar books use the word progressive instead of continuous. They are exactly the same.
The use of tenses in English may be quite complicated, but the structure of English tenses is actually very simple. The basic structure for a positive sentence is:
subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
An auxiliary verb is used in all tenses. (In the simple present and simple past tenses, the auxiliary verb is usually suppressed for the affirmative, but it does exist for intensification.) The following table shows the 12 tenses for the verb to work in the active voice.

structure
past
present
future*
auxiliary
main verb
simple
normal


I worked
I work
I will work
intensive
do
base
I did work
I do work

perfect
have
past participle
I had worked
I have worked
I will have worked
continuous
be
present participle -ing
I was working
I am working
I will be working
continuous perfect
have been
present participle -ing
I had been working
I have been working
I will have been working
* Technically, there are no future tenses in English. The word will is a modal auxiliary verb and future tenses are sometimes called "modal tenses". The examples are included here for convenience and comparison.
Basic Tenses: Regular Verb
This page shows the basic tenses with the regular verb work. It includes the affirmative or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the interrogative or question form (?).
The basic structure is:
positive:
+

subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
negative:
-

subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb
question:
?

auxiliary verb + subject + main verb
These are the forms of the main verb that we use to construct the tenses:
base verb
past
past participle
present participle -ing
work
worked
worked
working
 

past
present
future
SIMPLE
do + base verb
(except future:
will + base verb)
+
I did work
I worked
I do work
I work
I will work
-
I did not work
I do not work
I will not work
?
Did I work?
Do I work?
Will I work?
SIMPLE PERFECT
have + past participle
+
I had worked
I have worked
I will have worked
-
I had not worked
I have not worked
I will not have worked
?
Had I worked?
Have I worked?
Will I have worked?
CONTINUOUS
be + ing
+
I was working
I am working
I will be working
-
I was not working
I am not working
I will not be working
?
Was I working?
Am I working?
Will I be working?
CONTINUOUS PERFECT
have been + ing
+
I had been working
I have been working
I will have been working
-
I had not been working
I have not been working
I will not have been working
?
Had I been working?
Have I been working?
Will I have been working?
Basic Tenses: Irregular Verb
This page shows the basic tenses with the irregular verb sing. It includes the affirmative or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the interrogative or question form (?).
The basic structure is:
positive:
+

subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
negative:
-

subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb
question:
?

auxiliary verb + subject + main verb
These are the forms of the main verb that we use to construct the tenses:
base verb
past
past participle
present participle -ing
sing
sang
sung
singing
 

past
present
future
SIMPLE
do + base verb
(except future:
will + base verb)
+
I did sing
I sang
I do sing
I sing
I will sing
-
I did not sing
I do not sing
I will not sing
?
Did I sing?
Do I sing?
Will I sing?
SIMPLE PERFECT
have + past participle
+
I had sung
I have sung
I will have sung
-
I had not sung
I have not sung
I will not have sung
?
Had I sung?
Have I sung?
Will I have sung?
CONTINUOUS
be + -ing
+
I was singing
I am singing
I will be singing
-
I was not singing
I am not singing
I will not be singing
?
Was I singing?
Am I singing?
Will I be singing?
CONTINUOUS PERFECT
have been + -ing
+
I had been singing
I have been singing
I will have been singing
-
I had not been singing
I have not been singing
I will not have been singing
?
Had I been singing?
Have I been singing?
Will I have been singing?

Basic Tenses: Be
This page shows the basic tenses with the verb be. It includes the affirmative or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the interrogative or question form (?).
The basic structure is:
positive (+):
subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
negative (-):
subject + auxiliary verb + not + main verb
question (?):
auxiliary verb + subject + main verb
But for simple past and simple present tenses, the structure is not the same. In fact, it's even easier. There is no auxiliary verb. Here is the structure:
positive (+):
subject + main verb
negative (-):
subject + main verb + not
question (?):
main verb + subject
These are the forms of the main verb be that we use to construct the tenses:
base
past simple
past participle
present participle
present simple
be
was, were
been
being
am, are, is
 

past
present
future
SIMPLE
present simple or past simple
(except future: will + be)
+
I was
I am
I will be
-
I was not
I am not
I will not be
?
Was I?
Am I?
Will I be?
SIMPLE PERFECT
have + been
+
I had been
I have been
I will have been
-
I had not been
I have not been
I will not have been
?
Had I been?
Have I been?
Will I have been?
CONTINUOUS
be + being
+
I was being
I am being
I will be being
-
I was not being
I am not being
I will not be being
?
Was I being?
Am I being?
Will I be being?
CONTINUOUS PERFECT
have been + being
+
I had been being
I have been being
I will have been being
-
I had not been being
I have not been being
I will not have been being
?
Had I been being?
Have I been being?
Will I have been being?
In the following table, we see be conjugated for 12 basic tenses.
SIMPLE
past
present
future
singular
I
was
am
will be
you
were
are
will be
he/she/it
was
is
will be
plural
we
were
are
will be
you
were
are
will be
they
were
are
will be
PERFECT
past
present
future
singular
I
had been
have been
will have been
you
had been
have been
will have been
he/she/it
had been
has been
will have been
plural
we
had been
have been
will have been
you
had been
have been
will have been
they
had been
have been
will have been
CONTINUOUS
past
present
future
singular
I
was being
am being
will be being
you
were being
are being
will be being
he/she/it
was being
is being
will be being
plural
we
were being
are being
will be being
you
were being
are being
will be being
they
were being
are being
will be being
CONTINUOUS PERFECT
past
present
future
singular
I
had been being
have been being
will have been being
you
had been being
have been being
will have been being
he/she/it
had been being
has been being
will have been being
plural
we
had been being
have been being
will have been being
you
had been being
have been being
will have been being
they
had been being
have been being
will have been being

Simple Present Tense

I sing

How do we make the Simple Present Tense?

subject
+
auxiliary verb
+
main verb


do

base
There are three important exceptions:
  1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.
  2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or es to the auxiliary.
  3. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives.
Look at these examples with the main verb like:

subject
auxiliary verb

main verb

+
I, you, we, they


like
coffee.
He, she, it


likes
coffee.
-
I, you, we, they
do
not
like
coffee.
He, she, it
does
not
like
coffee.
?
Do
I, you, we, they

like
coffee?
Does
he, she, it

like
coffee?
Look at these examples with the main verb be. Notice that there is no auxiliary:

subject
main verb


+
I
am

French.
You, we, they
are

French.
He, she, it
is

French.
-
I
am
not
old.
You, we, they
are
not
old.
He, she, it
is
not
old.
?
Am
I

late?
Are
you, we, they

late?
Is
he, she, it

late?

How do we use the Simple Present Tense?

We use the simple present tense when:
  • the action is general
  • the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future
  • the action is not only happening now
  • the statement is always true
John drives a taxi.
past
present
future

It is John's job to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present and future.
Look at these examples:
  • I live in New York.
  • The Moon goes round the Earth.
  • John drives a taxi.
  • He does not drive a bus.
  • We meet every Thursday.
  • We do not work at night.
  • Do you play football?
Note that with the verb to be, we can also use the simple present tense for situations that are not general. We can use the simple present tense to talk about now. Look at these examples of the verb "to be" in the simple present tense - some of them are general, some of them are now:
Am I right?
Tara is not at home.
You are happy.
past
present
future

The situation is now.
 
I am not fat.
Why are you so beautiful?
Ram is tall.
past
present
future

The situation is general. Past, present and future.

Present Continuous Tense

I am singing
We often use the present continuous tense in English. It is very different from the simple present tense, both in structure and in use.
In this lesson we look the structure and use of the present continuous tense, followed by a quiz to check your understanding:

How do we make the Present Continuous Tense?

The structure of the present continuous tense is:
subject
+
auxiliary verb
+
main verb


be

base + ing
Look at these examples:

subject
auxiliary verb

main verb

+
I
am

speaking
to you.
+
You
are

reading
this.
-
She
is
not
staying
in London.
-
We
are
not
playing
football.
?
Is
he

watching
TV?
?
Are
they

waiting
for John?

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